Time of reconciliation and a new Beit HaMikdash

We know the pasuk: “Hashiveinu Hashem alecha v’nashuvah, chadeish yameinu k’kedem (Cause us to return to you Hashem and we will return, renew our days as in days of old).”

The Targum Ketuvim suggests it refers to teshuvah: “Renew our days to be good, once again, as they were in the good times of the past [and] we will return to You in complete teshuvah.”

In contrast, the Ibn Ezra interprets hashiveinu in a physical sense, as a plea to Hashem to return us to Yerushalayim. As such, v’nashuvah is an appeal to Hashem to enable us to worship Him in the rebuilt Beit HaMikdash.

These very different analyses led the contemporary Israeli scholar Dr. Yael Ziegler to opine: “Whatever its precise meaning, this verse features striking mutuality between G-d and Israel. Though the community petitions G-d to initiate reconciliation (“return us to You”), it continues with a promise to mirror G-d’s action (“and we will return”). Without G-d’s initiative, reconciliation seems impossible, but Israel assumes its share of responsibility for the reestablishment of the relationship.” (Lamentations: Faith in a Turbulent World, page 465)

Ziegler opines that the first part of our pasuk gives voice to the “striking mutuality between G-d and Israel,” our overture to Hashem to “initiate reconciliation” and our willingness to share in the “responsibility for the reestablishment of the relationship.”

These crucial themes bespeak the depth of loneliness we endure when we feel divorced from the Almighty and our consequent longing to bridge the gaping chasm between us. In her general observations on the second part of our verse, Ziegler notes that it summarizes the way we have always viewed history: “The request [for reconciliation] simultaneously looks forward and backward, encapsulating a timeless Jewish perception of history. Steeped in an unbearable present, the beleaguered community yearns for a glorious past (kedem), anticipating the reinstatement of that glory in a revitalized future.”

What historical moment is being referenced by the term, kedem?

Midrash Eichah Rabbati on our pasuk suggests its meaning parallels that which we find in Sefer Malachi 3:14: “kimei olam uchshanim kadmoniot (as in past days and former years),” namely, “like the years of Shlomo HaMelech.”

In his commentary on Megillat Eichah, Rabbi Baruch HaLevi Epstein zatzal describes the years of Shlomo HaMelech in this manner: “The glory of Hashem filled the Beit HaMikdash, Yehudah and Yisrael were as numerous as the sand on the seashore, and every man sat under his grapevine and fig tree.”

With Hashem’s help, may the realization of this vision, come soon, and in our days. V’chane yihi ratzon.